Effect of Crowding on Hoppers Colour of Tree Locust <i>Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon</i> (Walker) in Gum Arabic Belt in Sudan

Omer Rahama Mohamed Rahama; Amna Osman Mohammed Fadul; Abdelmanan Elzein Hassan Elamin; Magzoub Omer Bashir Ahmed

doi:7320186

The tree locust, Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon (Walker, 1870) (Acrididae: Orthoptera), has been known to cause sporadic damage mainly to trees. In Sudan, it is called night wanderer (Sari El Lil) because of its nocturnal activity. It is commonly found on the Sudanese western sand, causing substantial damage to the gum arabic producing Acacia senegal (Hashab) trees. This study was carried out during 2007/08 and 2008/09. Laboratory experiments were done at The Gum Arabic Research Centre, University of Kordofan North Kordofan State, Sudan. The objectives of the study are to investigate the Effect of crowding on pigmentation of hoppers in tree locust Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon (Walker). Hoppers were reared in cages (30 cm ×30 cm ×40 cm). The cages were made of wood with sides covered by wire mesh, leaving an opening at one side covered by a muslin sleeve for manipulation of hoppers inside the cage and for cleaning. Three groups of four cages each were used to study pigmentation of hoppers. Group one contained one newly hatched hopper in each cage, group two contained 10 newly hatched hoppers in each cage and group three contained 100 newly hatched hoppers in each cage. The results showed that, crowding decreased the % age of green colour hoppers but increased % age of yellow and orange colour. Crowding had no effect on brown colour. Also crowding of hoppers enhanced the formation of dark spots on clypeus-labrum, dorsal and lateral pronotum, wing venation, hind femur, tibia, tarsus and abdomen. The darkening of body segments appeared on all crowding hoppers than individuals. Different changes among population density of the tree locust concerning colour, morphology, build the gregarious phase that lead to outbreaks that could take place and lead to considerable damage to crops and the economical trees such as A. senegal.

[1]

Dirsh, V. M. and Uvarov, B. P. (1953). Tree Locusts of the genus Anacridium (Orthoptera, Acrididae). (Revisal Espanola de entomologic), 29: 7-69.

[2]

Keith, J. O. and Plowes, D. C. H. (1997). Considerations of Wildlife Resources and Land Use in Chad, Productive Sector Growth and Environment Division Office of Sustainable Development. Bureau for Africa. Technical Paper No. 45 March 1997.

[3]

Schmutterer, S. P. and Koch, C. K. (1978). The pest status of Orthoptera in the Cape Verde Islands. Journal of Applied Entomology 86, 320-336.

[4]

Popov, G.; and Ratcliffe, M. (1968): The Sahelian tree locust Anacridium melanorhodon (Walker), Anti-Locust Memoirs no. 9, 45.

[5]

Nickerson, B. (1962). Some observations on the biology of the tree locust (Anacridium m. melanorhodon Walker (Orth., Acrididae)) in West Africa. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 98, 107 (1962).

[6]

Tigani, M. H. (1965). Biology of Poecilocerus heiroglyphicus Klug. and tree locusts of the genus Anacridium in the Sudan M.Sc. Thesis, Khartoum University. and Uses of Common Trees and Shrubs of Dry land Sudan. Entomological Society of America. Annual meeting 0242 (2006) pp. 167.

[7]

El Tahir, B. A. and Gebauer, J. (2004). Non-timber Forest Products: Opportunities and Constraints for Poverty Reduction in the Nuba Mountains, South Kordofan, Sudan. Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development. Deutscher Tropentag 2004. Berlin, October 5-7, 2004.

[8]

Showler, A. T. (1995). Locust (Orthoptera: Acrididae) outbreak in Africa and Asia 1992-1994. An overview American Entomologist 41 (3), 179-185 (1995).

[9]

Anonymous (1976) Pest: Anacridium melanorhodon (Wlk.) (including A. m arabafrum Dirsh) (Rosholt., Acrididae) (Sahelian tree locust) Distrib. Maps Insect Pests Common Wealth Institute of Entomology, 355, pp.

[10]

SEA. (1990). Supplemental Environmental Assessment (SEA) for USAID Funding of Locust or Grasshopper Pesticide in Sudan. USAID Khartoum October 1990.

[11]

Johnston, H. B. (1924). A note on locust, Sudan Notes and Records, 7: 91-101.

[12]

Awouda, E. M. (1974). Gum Arabic its present and future. Gum Arabic Company report, 1974, Khartoum -Sudan. Government Press, PP 15-21.

[13]

Badi, K. H. (1989). The Forests of the Sudan. Agricultural Research Council. Khartoum. May 1989.

[14]

Muthana, K. D. (1988). Gum Arabic - the Back Bone of Kordofan Region, Sudan. Mysforest; 24: (2). 95-98.

[15]

Rahama, Omer, M. R;,. Bashir, M., O and Fadul, A. O. M. (2018) b. Effect of Habitats on the Tree Locust Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon (Walker) on Sexual Maturationin North Kordofan State, Sudan. International Journal of Scientific Progress and Research (IJSPR) ISSN: 2349-4689 Issue 148, Volume 49, Number 02, July 2018.

[16]

Schmutterer, H. (1969), Pests of Crops in North-east and Central Africa with particular reference to the Sudan. Stuttigart Gustav Fischer Verlag, Portland-U. S. A., X + 296 PP.

[17]

Steedman, A. (1987). Locust Hand Book. Oversea Development Natural Resources Institute. The Scientific Unit. Administration.

[18]

Meinzingen, W. F. (1993). A Guide To Migrant Pest Management in Africa. FAO. AGP, Via delle Terme di Caracalla. 00100 Rome, Italy.

[19]

Rowly, J. and Bennett, O. (1993). Grasshoppers &Locusts. The plague of the Sahel. Panos dossier (114 p.). The Panos Institute, London.

[20]

El Amin, H. M. A., (2007). The Effects of Tree Locust Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon on Gum Arabic Production and the Consequences of Defoliation for the Producers. M.Sc. thesis. Instiute of Forest Production Dresden University of Technology, Germany.

[21]

Rahama, O. R. M; Bashir, M. O. and Hassan, A. A. (2018) a. Seasonal Occurrence of the Tree Locust Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodonon, Acacia senegal, North Kordofan State, Sudan. International Journal of Scientific Progress and Research (IJSPR) ISSN: 2349-4689 Issue 146, Volume 48, Number 04, June 2018.

[22]

Johnston, H. B. (1932). Notes on tow locusts of minor economic importance in the Sudan.

[23]

Luong, M. H., Launois and Popov, G. B. (1997). Anacridium m. melanorhodon Acrididae–Cyrtacanthacridinae. Pamphlet, collaborative work Cirad, DLCO, OCLALAV, Rhone- Poulenc agro. ISBN: 2-87614-289-9.

[24]

Volkonsky, M. (1938). The Sahilian tree locust Anacrium melanorhodon melanorhodon Walker. Anti-locust Mem. No. 9: 48 Pp. Cited Popov G. and Rateliffe M. 1968.

[25]

Dysart, R. J. (1996). Grass hoppers Integrated Management Handbook. Insect Predators and Parasites of Grass hopper Eggs. p. 29-31.

[26]

ELZain, ELB, (1994) The Impact of Defoliation by the Tree locust Anacridium melanorhdon melanorhodon on the Gum Arabic Production by Hashab Tree (Acacia senegal) M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum.

[27]

Song, H. (2005). Phylogenetic perspectives on the evolution of locust phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research. Volume 14, Issue 2. pp. 235–245.

[28]

Hartfelder, K. and Emlen, D. J. (2005). Endocrine Control of Insect Polyphenism. Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Ribeira˜o Preto, Brazil and University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA. 2005.

[29]

Bernays, E. A. and Woodhead, S. (1982). Plant Phenols Utilized as Nutrients by a Phytophagous Insect. Science Vol. 216. no. 4542, pp. 201-203.

[30]

Bond, A. B. (2007). The Evolution of Color Polymorphism: Crypticity, Searching Images, and Apostatic Selection. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Volume 38: 489 -514.

[31]

Simpson, S. J., Raubenheimer, D., Behmer, S. T., Whitworth, A. and Wright, G. A. (2002). A comparison of nutritional regulation in solitarious- and gregarious-phase nymphs of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. The Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 121-129.

[32]

Song, H. and Wenzel, J. W. (2001). Phylogeny of bird-grasshopper subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae Orthoptera: Acrididae and the evolution of locust phase Polyphenism. Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA.

[33]

Antoniou, A. (1980). Laboratory studies on the biology of some tropic Acridoidea. M. Phil. thesis, Council for National Academic Awards, 133 pp.

[34]

Despland, E. (2004). Locust transformation: from solitarious to swarming. Biologist (2004) 51. 1 Pp. 18-22.

[35]

Schell, S. P., (1994). Spatial analysis of ecological factors related to grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae), population dynamics in Wyoming. A thesis Submitted to the Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences and the Graduate School of the University of Wyoming in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science in Entomology Laramie, Wyoming.

[36]

Roffey, J. and Popov, G. R. (1968). Environmental and behavioural processes in a Desert. Locust outbreak. Nature, London, 219: 446-450. pp.

[37]

CIRAD, (2006): Anaccridium spp (CIRAD: Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement, Montpellier, France.). Images of research. Montpellier, pp. 197.